NAME

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

Tcpdump prints out the headers of packets on a network interface that match the boolean expression.

Under SunOS with nit or bpf: To run tcpdump you must have read access to /dev/nit or /dev/bpf*. Under Solaris with dlpi: You must have read access to the network pseudo device, e.g. /dev/le. Under HP-UX with dlpi: You must be root or it must be installed setuid to root. Under IRIX with snoop: You must be root or it must be installed setuid to root. Under Linux: You must be root or it must be installed setuid to root. Under Ultrix and Digital UNIX: Once the super-user has enabled promiscuous-mode operation using pfconfig(8), any user may run tcpdump. Under BSD: You must have read access to /dev/bpf*.  

OPTIONS

-a

Attempt to convert network and broadcast addresses to names.

-c

Exit after receiving count packets.

-d

Dump the compiled packet-matching code in a human readable form to standard output and stop.

-dd

Dump packet-matching code as a C program fragment.

-ddd

Dump packet-matching code as decimal numbers (preceded with a count).

-e

Print the link-level header on each dump line.

-f

Print `foreign' internet addresses numerically rather than symbolically (this option is intended to get around serious brain damage in Sun's yp server --- usually it hangs forever translating non-local internet numbers).

-F

Use file as input for the filter expression. An additional expression given on the command line is ignored.

-i

Listen on interface. If unspecified, tcpdump searches the system interface list for the lowest numbered, configured up interface (excluding loopback). Ties are broken by choosing the earliest match. In Windows interface can be the name of the adapter, or its number (the one reported by the -D flag).

-l

Make stdout line buffered. Useful if you want to see the data while capturing it. E.g.,
``tcpdump  -l  |  tee dat'' or ``tcpdump  -l   > dat  &  tail  -f  dat''.

-n

Don't convert addresses (i.e., host addresses, port numbers, etc.) to names.

-N

Don't print domain name qualification of host names. E.g., if you give this flag then tcpdump will print ``nic'' instead of ``nic.ddn.mil''.

-m

Load SMI MIB module definitions from file module. This option can be used several times to load several MIB modules into tcpdump.

-O

Do not run the packet-matching code optimizer. This is useful only if you suspect a bug in the optimizer.

-p

Don't put the interface into promiscuous mode. Note that the interface might be in promiscuous mode for some other reason; hence, `-p' cannot be used as an abbreviation for `ether host {local-hw-addr} or ether broadcast'.

-q

Quick (quiet?) output. Print less protocol information so output lines are shorter.

-r

Read packets from file (which was created with the -w option). Standard input is used if file is ``-''.

-s

Snarf snaplen bytes of data from each packet rather than the default of 68 (with SunOS's NIT, the minimum is actually 96). 68 bytes is adequate for IP, ICMP, TCP and UDP but may truncate protocol information from name server and NFS packets (see below). Packets truncated because of a limited snapshot are indicated in the output with ``[|proto]'', where proto is the name of the protocol level at which the truncation has occurred. Note that taking larger snapshots both increases the amount of time it takes to process packets and, effectively, decreases the amount of packet buffering. This may cause packets to be lost. You should limit snaplen to the smallest number that will capture the protocol information you're interested in.

-T

Force packets selected by "expression" to be interpreted the specified type. Currently known types are rpc (Remote Procedure Call), rtp (Real-Time Applications protocol), rtcp (Real-Time Applications control protocol), snmp (Simple Network Management Protocol), vat (Visual Audio Tool), and wb (distributed White Board).

-R

Assume ESP/AH packets to be based on old specification (RFC1825 to RFC1829). If specified, tcpdump will not print replay prevention field. Since there is no protocol version field in ESP/AH specification, tcpdump cannot deduce the version of ESP/AH protocol.

-S

Print absolute, rather than relative, TCP sequence numbers.

-t

Don't print a timestamp on each dump line.

-tt

Print an unformatted timestamp on each dump line.

-v

(Slightly more) verbose output. For example, the time to live and type of service information in an IP packet is printed.

-vv

Even more verbose output. For example, additional fields are printed from NFS reply packets.

-vvv

Even more verbose output. For example, telnet SB ... SE options are printed in full. With -X telnet options are printed in hex as well.

-w

Write the raw packets to file rather than parsing and printing them out. They can later be printed with the -r option. Standard output is used if file is ``-''.

-x

Print each packet (minus its link level header) in hex. The smaller of the entire packet or snaplen bytes will be printed.

-X

When printing hex, print ascii too. Thus if -x is also set, the packet is printed in hex/ascii. This is very handy for analysing new protocols. Even if -x is not also set, some parts of some packets may be printed in hex/ascii.

WinDump specific extensions

-B

Set driver's buffer size to size in KiloBytes. The default buffer size is 1 megabyte. If there is any loss of packets during the capture, the suggestion is to increase the kernel buffer size by means of this switch. The dimension of the driver�s buffer influences deeply the capture performances, and is a very important parameter of the capture process. WinDump sets automatically a buffer with a dimension of 1 megabyte when starts.

-D

Print the list of the capture interface cards available in your system. These names are not very easy to obtain in Windows, so it was introduced this flag to list them. For every network adapter, this switch returns the number, the name and the description.

After the user has obtained the list of the adapters with the �-D� switch, he can select one of them with  �WinDump �i name� or �WinDump �i number�. If the machine has more than one network adapter, WinDump without parameters starts on the first network interface of the system.

 

 

expression

selects which packets will be dumped. If no expression is given, all packets on the net will be dumped. Otherwise, only packets for which expression is `true' will be dumped.

The expression consists of one or more primitives. Primitives usually consist of an id (name or number) preceded by one or more qualifiers. There are three different kinds of qualifier:

type

qualifiers say what kind of thing the id name or number refers to. Possible types are host, net and port. E.g., `host foo', `net 128.3', `port 20'. If there is no type qualifier, host is assumed.

dir

qualifiers specify a particular transfer direction to and/or from id. Possible directions are src, dst, src or dst and src and dst. E.g., `src foo', `dst net 128.3', `src or dst port ftp-data'. If there is no dir qualifier, src or dst is assumed. For `null' link layers (i.e. point to point protocols such as slip) the inbound and outbound qualifiers can be used to specify a desired direction.

proto

qualifiers restrict the match to a particular protocol. Possible protos are: ether, fddi, ip, ip6, arp, rarp, decnet, lat, sca, moprc, mopdl, icmp, icmp6, tcp and udp. E.g., `ether src foo', `arp net 128.3', `tcp port 21'. If there is no proto qualifier, all protocols consistent with the type are assumed. E.g., `src foo' means `(ip or arp or rarp) src foo' (except the latter is not legal syntax), `net bar' means `(ip or arp or rarp) net bar' and `port 53' means `(tcp or udp) port 53'.

[`fddi' is actually an alias for `ether'; the parser treats them identically as meaning ``the data link level used on the specified network interface.'' FDDI headers contain Ethernet-like source and destination addresses, and often contain Ethernet-like packet types, so you can filter on these FDDI fields just as with the analogous Ethernet fields. FDDI headers also contain other fields, but you cannot name them explicitly in a filter expression.]

In addition to the above, there are some special `primitive' keywords that don't follow the pattern: gateway, broadcast, less, greater and arithmetic expressions. All of these are described below.

More complex filter expressions are built up by using the words and, or and not to combine primitives. E.g., `host foo and not port ftp and not port ftp-data'. To save typing, identical qualifier lists can be omitted. E.g., `tcp dst port ftp or ftp-data or domain' is exactly the same as `tcp dst port ftp or tcp dst port ftp-data or tcp dst port domain'.

Allowable primitives are:

dst host host

True if the IPv4/v6 destination field of the packet is host, which may be either an address or a name.

src host host

True if the IPv4/v6 source field of the packet is host.

host host

True if either the IPv4/v6 source or destination of the packet is host. Any of the above host expressions can be prepended with the keywords, ip, arp, rarp, or ip6 as in:

ip host host

which is equivalent to:

ether proto \ip and host host

If host is a name with multiple IP addresses, each address will be checked for a match.

ether dst ehost

True if the ethernet destination address is ehost. Ehost may be either a name from /etc/ethers or a number (see ethers(3N) for numeric format).

ether src ehost

True if the ethernet source address is ehost.

ether host ehost

True if either the ethernet source or destination address is ehost.

gateway host

True if the packet used host as a gateway. I.e., the ethernet source or destination address was host but neither the IP source nor the IP destination was host. Host must be a name and must be found in both /etc/hosts and /etc/ethers. (An equivalent expression is

ether host ehost and not host host

which can be used with either names or numbers for host / ehost.) This syntax does not work in IPv6-enabled configuration at this moment.

dst net net

True if the IPv4/v6 destination address of the packet has a network number of net. Net may be either a name from /etc/networks or a network number (see networks(4) for details).

src net net

True if the IPv4/v6 source address of the packet has a network number of net.

net net

True if either the IPv4/v6 source or destination address of the packet has a network number of net.

net net mask mask

True if the IP address matches net with the specific netmask. May be qualified with src or dst. Note that this syntax is not valid for IPv6 net.

net net/len

True if the IPv4/v6 address matches net a netmask len bits wide. May be qualified with src or dst.

dst port port

True if the packet is ip/tcp, ip/udp, ip6/tcp or ip6/udp and has a destination port value of port. The port can be a number or a name used in /etc/services (see tcp(4P) and udp(4P)). If a name is used, both the port number and protocol are checked. If a number or ambiguous name is used, only the port number is checked (e.g., dst port 513 will print both tcp/login traffic and udp/who traffic, and port domain will print both tcp/domain and udp/domain traffic).

src port port

True if the packet has a source port value of port.

port port

True if either the source or destination port of the packet is port. Any of the above port expressions can be prepended with the keywords, tcp or udp, as in:

tcp src port port

which matches only tcp packets whose source port is port.

less length

True if the packet has a length less than or equal to length. This is equivalent to:

len <= length.

greater length

True if the packet has a length greater than or equal to length. This is equivalent to:

len >= length.

ip proto protocol

True if the packet is an ip packet (see ip(4P)) of protocol type protocol. Protocol can be a number or one of the names icmp, igrp, udp, nd, or tcp. Note that the identifiers tcp, udp, and icmp are also keywords and must be escaped via backslash (\), which is \\ in the C-shell. Note that this primitive does not chase protocol header chain.

ip6 proto protocol

True if the packet is an IPv6 packet of protocol type protocol. Note that this primitive does not chase protocol header chain.

ip6 protochain protocol

True if the packet is IPv6 packet, and contains protocol header with type protocol in its protocol header chain. For example,

ip6 protochain 6

matches any IPv6 packet with TCP protocol header in the protocol header chain. The packet may contain, for example, authentication header, routing header, or hop-by-hop option header, between IPv6 header and TCP header. The BPF code emitted by this primitive is complex and cannot be optimized by BPF optimizer code in tcpdump, so this can be somewhat slow.

ip protochain protocol

Equivalent to ip6 protochain protocol, but this is for IPv4.

ether broadcast

True if the packet is an ethernet broadcast packet. The ether keyword is optional.

ip broadcast

True if the packet is an IP broadcast packet. It checks for both the all-zeroes and all-ones broadcast conventions, and looks up the local subnet mask.

ether multicast

True if the packet is an ethernet multicast packet. The ether keyword is optional. This is shorthand for `ether[0] & 1 != 0'.

ip multicast

True if the packet is an IP multicast packet.

ip6 multicast

True if the packet is an IPv6 multicast packet.

ether proto protocol

True if the packet is of ether type protocol. Protocol can be a number or a name like ip, ip6, arp, or rarp. Note these identifiers are also keywords and must be escaped via backslash (\). [In the case of FDDI (e.g., `fddi protocol arp'), the protocol identification comes from the 802.2 Logical Link Control (LLC) header, which is usually layered on top of the FDDI header. Tcpdump assumes, when filtering on the protocol identifier, that all FDDI packets include an LLC header, and that the LLC header is in so-called SNAP format.]

decnet src host

True if the DECNET source address is host, which may be an address of the form ``10.123'', or a DECNET host name. [DECNET host name support is only available on Ultrix systems that are configured to run DECNET.]

decnet dst host

True if the DECNET destination address is host.

decnet host host

True if either the DECNET source or destination address is host.

ip, ip6, arp, rarp, decnet

Abbreviations for:

ether proto p

where p is one of the above protocols.

lat, moprc, mopdl

Abbreviations for:

ether proto p

where p is one of the above protocols. Note that tcpdump does not currently know how to parse these protocols.

tcp, udp, icmp

Abbreviations for:

ip proto p or ip6 proto p

where p is one of the above protocols.

expr relop expr

True if the relation holds, where relop is one of >, <, >=, <=, =, !=, and expr is an arithmetic expression composed of integer constants (expressed in standard C syntax), the normal binary operators [+, -, *, /, &, |], a length operator, and special packet data accessors. To access data inside the packet, use the following syntax:

proto [ expr : size ]

Proto is one of ether, fddi, ip, arp, rarp, tcp, udp, icmp or ip6, and indicates the protocol layer for the index operation. Note that tcp, udp and other upper-layer protocol types only apply to IPv4, not IPv6 (this will be fixed in the future). The byte offset, relative to the indicated protocol layer, is given by expr. Size is optional and indicates the number of bytes in the field of interest; it can be either one, two, or four, and defaults to one. The length operator, indicated by the keyword len, gives the length of the packet.

For example, `ether[0] & 1 != 0' catches all multicast traffic. The expression `ip[0] & 0xf != 5' catches all IP packets with options. The expression `ip[6:2] & 0x1fff = 0' catches only unfragmented datagrams and frag zero of fragmented datagrams. This check is implicitly applied to the tcp and udp index operations. For instance, tcp[0] always means the first byte of the TCP header, and never means the first byte of an intervening fragment.

Primitives may be combined using:

A parenthesized group of primitives and operators (parentheses are special to the Shell and must be escaped).

Negation (`!' or `not').

Concatenation (`&&' or `and').

Alternation (`||' or `or').

Negation has highest precedence. Alternation and concatenation have equal precedence and associate left to right. Note that explicit and tokens, not juxtaposition, are now required for concatenation.

If an identifier is given without a keyword, the most recent keyword is assumed. For example,

not host vs and ace

is short for

not host vs and host ace

which should not be confused with

not ( host vs or ace )

Expression arguments can be passed to tcpdump as either a single argument or as multiple arguments, whichever is more convenient. Generally, if the expression contains Shell metacharacters, it is easier to pass it as a single, quoted argument. Multiple arguments are concatenated with spaces before being parsed.

EXAMPLES

To print all packets arriving at or departing from sundown:

tcpdump host sundown

To print traffic between helios and either hot or ace:

tcpdump host helios and \( hot or ace \)

To print all IP packets between ace and any host except helios:

tcpdump ip host ace and not helios

To print all traffic between local hosts and hosts at Berkeley:

tcpdump net ucb-ether

To print all ftp traffic through internet gateway snup: (note that the expression is quoted to prevent the shell from (mis-)interpreting the parentheses):

tcpdump 'gateway snup and (port ftp or ftp-data)'

To print traffic neither sourced from nor destined for local hosts (if you gateway to one other net, this stuff should never make it onto your local net).

tcpdump ip and not net localnet

To print the start and end packets (the SYN and FIN packets) of each TCP conversation that involves a non-local host.

tcpdump 'tcp[13] & 3 != 0 and not src and dst net localnet'

To print IP packets longer than 576 bytes sent through gateway snup:

tcpdump 'gateway snup and ip[2:2] > 576'

To print IP broadcast or multicast packets that were not sent via ethernet broadcast or multicast:

tcpdump 'ether[0] & 1 = 0 and ip[16] >= 224'

To print all ICMP packets that are not echo requests/replies (i.e., not ping packets):

tcpdump 'icmp[0] != 8 and icmp[0] != 0"

OUTPUT FORMAT

The output of tcpdump is protocol dependent. The following gives a brief description and examples of most of the formats.

Link Level Headers

If the '-e' option is given, the link level header is printed out. On ethernets, the source and destination addresses, protocol, and packet length are printed.

On FDDI networks, the '-e' option causes tcpdump to print the `frame control' field, the source and destination addresses, and the packet length. (The `frame control' field governs the interpretation of the rest of the packet. Normal packets (such as those containing IP datagrams) are `async' packets, with a priority value between 0 and 7; for example, `async4'. Such packets are assumed to contain an 802.2 Logical Link Control (LLC) packet; the LLC header is printed if it is not an ISO datagram or a so-called SNAP packet.

(N.B.: The following description assumes familiarity with the SLIP compression algorithm described in RFC-1144.)

On SLIP links, a direction indicator (``I'' for inbound, ``O'' for outbound), packet type, and compression information are printed out. The packet type is printed first. The three types are ip, utcp, and ctcp. No further link information is printed for ip packets. For TCP packets, the connection identifier is printed following the type. If the packet is compressed, its encoded header is printed out. The special cases are printed out as *S+n and *SA+n, where n is the amount by which the sequence number (or sequence number and ack) has changed. If it is not a special case, zero or more changes are printed. A change is indicated by U (urgent pointer), W (window), A (ack), S (sequence number), and I (packet ID), followed by a delta (+n or -n), or a new value (=n). Finally, the amount of data in the packet and compressed header length are printed.

For example, the following line shows an outbound compressed TCP packet, with an implicit connection identifier; the ack has changed by 6, the sequence number by 49, and the packet ID by 6; there are 3 bytes of data and 6 bytes of compressed header:

O ctcp * A+6 S+49 I+6 3 (6)

ARP/RARP Packets

Arp/rarp output shows the type of request and its arguments. The format is intended to be self explanatory. Here is a short sample taken from the start of an `rlogin' from host rtsg to host csam:

arp who-has csam tell rtsg
arp reply csam is-at CSAM

This would look less redundant if we had done tcpdump -n:

arp who-has 128.3.254.6 tell 128.3.254.68
arp reply 128.3.254.6 is-at 02:07:01:00:01:c4

If we had done tcpdump -e, the fact that the first packet is broadcast and the second is point-to-point would be visible:

RTSG Broadcast 0806  64: arp who-has csam tell rtsg
CSAM RTSG 0806  64: arp reply csam is-at CSAM

TCP Packets

(N.B.:The following description assumes familiarity with the TCP protocol described in RFC-793. If you are not familiar with the protocol, neither this description nor tcpdump will be of much use to you.)

The general format of a tcp protocol line is:

src > dst: flags data-seqno ack window urgent options

Src, dst and flags are always present. The other fields depend on the contents of the packet's tcp protocol header and are output only if appropriate.

Here is the opening portion of an rlogin from host rtsg to host csam.

rtsg.1023 > csam.login: S 768512:768512(0) win 4096 <mss 1024>
csam.login > rtsg.1023: S 947648:947648(0) ack 768513 win 4096 <mss 1024>
rtsg.1023 > csam.login: . ack 1 win 4096
rtsg.1023 > csam.login: P 1:2(1) ack 1 win 4096
csam.login > rtsg.1023: . ack 2 win 4096
rtsg.1023 > csam.login: P 2:21(19) ack 1 win 4096
csam.login > rtsg.1023: P 1:2(1) ack 21 win 4077
csam.login > rtsg.1023: P 2:3(1) ack 21 win 4077 urg 1
csam.login > rtsg.1023: P 3:4(1) ack 21 win 4077 urg 1

Csam replies with a similar packet except it includes a piggy-backed ack for rtsg's SYN. Rtsg then acks csam's SYN. The `.' means no flags were set. The packet contained no data so there is no data sequence number. Note that the ack sequence number is a small integer (1). The first time tcpdump sees a tcp `conversation', it prints the sequence number from the packet. On subsequent packets of the conversation, the difference between the current packet's sequence number and this initial sequence number is printed. This means that sequence numbers after the first can be interpreted as relative byte positions in the conversation's data stream (with the first data byte each direction being `1'). `-S' will override this feature, causing the original sequence numbers to be output.

On the 6th line, rtsg sends csam 19 bytes of data (bytes 2 through 20 in the rtsg -> csam side of the conversation). The PUSH flag is set in the packet. On the 7th line, csam says it's received data sent by rtsg up to but not including byte 21. Most of this data is apparently sitting in the socket buffer since csam's receive window has gotten 19 bytes smaller. Csam also sends one byte of data to rtsg in this packet. On the 8th and 9th lines, csam sends two bytes of urgent, pushed data to rtsg.

If the snapshot was small enough that tcpdump didn't capture the full TCP header, it interprets as much of the header as it can and then reports ``[|tcp]'' to indicate the remainder could not be interpreted. If the header contains a bogus option (one with a length that's either too small or beyond the end of the header), tcpdump reports it as ``[bad opt]'' and does not interpret any further options (since it's impossible to tell where they start). If the header length indicates options are present but the IP datagram length is not long enough for the options to actually be there, tcpdump reports it as ``[bad hdr length]''.

UDP Packets

UDP format is illustrated by this rwho packet:

actinide.who > broadcast.who: udp 84

Some UDP services are recognized (from the source or destination port number) and the higher level protocol information printed. In particular, Domain Name service requests (RFC-1034/1035) and Sun RPC calls (RFC-1050) to NFS.

UDP Name Server Requests

(N.B.:The following description assumes familiarity with the Domain Service protocol described in RFC-1035. If you are not familiar with the protocol, the following description will appear to be written in greek.)

Name server requests are formatted as

src > dst: id op? flags qtype qclass name (len)

h2opolo.1538 > helios.domain: 3+ A? ucbvax.berkeley.edu. (37)

A few anomalies are checked and may result in extra fields enclosed in square brackets: If a query contains an answer, name server or authority section, ancount, nscount, or arcount are printed as `[na]', `[nn]' or `[nau]' where n is the appropriate count. If any of the response bits are set (AA, RA or rcode) or any of the `must be zero' bits are set in bytes two and three, `[b2&3=x]' is printed, where x is the hex value of header bytes two and three.

UDP Name Server Responses

Name server responses are formatted as

src > dst:  id op rcode flags a/n/au type class data (len)

helios.domain > h2opolo.1538: 3 3/3/7 A 128.32.137.3 (273)
helios.domain > h2opolo.1537: 2 NXDomain* 0/1/0 (97)

In the second example, helios responds to query 2 with a response code of non-existent domain (NXDomain) with no answers, one name server and no authority records. The `*' indicates that the authoritative answer bit was set. Since there were no answers, no type, class or data were printed.

Other flag characters that might appear are `-' (recursion available, RA, not set) and `|' (truncated message, TC, set). If the `question' section doesn't contain exactly one entry, `[nq]' is printed.

Note that name server requests and responses tend to be large and the default snaplen of 68 bytes may not capture enough of the packet to print. Use the -s flag to increase the snaplen if you need to seriously investigate name server traffic. `-s 128' has worked well for me.

SMB/CIFS decoding

tcpdump now includes fairly extensive SMB/CIFS/NBT decoding for data on UDP/137, UDP/138 and TCP/139. Some primitive decoding of IPX and NetBEUI SMB data is also done.

By default a fairly minimal decode is done, with a much more detailed decode done if -v is used. Be warned that with -v a single SMB packet may take up a page or more, so only use -v if you really want all the gory details.

If you are decoding SMB sessions containing unicode strings then you may wish to set the environment variable USE_UNICODE to 1. A patch to auto-detect unicode srings would be welcome.

For information on SMB packet formats and what all te fields mean see www.cifs.org or the pub/samba/specs/ directory on your favourite samba.org mirror site. The SMB patches were written by Andrew Tridgell ([email protected]).

NFS Requests and Replies

Sun NFS (Network File System) requests and replies are printed as:

src.xid > dst.nfs: len op args
src.nfs > dst.xid: reply stat len op results


sushi.6709 > wrl.nfs: 112 readlink fh 21,24/10.73165
wrl.nfs > sushi.6709: reply ok 40 readlink "../var"
sushi.201b > wrl.nfs:
        144 lookup fh 9,74/4096.6878 "xcolors"
wrl.nfs > sushi.201b:
        reply ok 128 lookup fh 9,74/4134.3150

In the third line, sushi asks wrl to lookup the name `xcolors' in directory file 9,74/4096.6878. Note that the data printed depends on the operation type. The format is intended to be self explanatory if read in conjunction with an NFS protocol spec.

If the -v (verbose) flag is given, additional information is printed. For example:

sushi.1372a > wrl.nfs:
        148 read fh 21,11/12.195 8192 bytes @ 24576
wrl.nfs > sushi.1372a:
        reply ok 1472 read REG 100664 ids 417/0 sz 29388

If the -v flag is given more than once, even more details are printed.

Note that NFS requests are very large and much of the detail won't be printed unless snaplen is increased. Try using `-s 192' to watch NFS traffic.

NFS reply packets do not explicitly identify the RPC operation. Instead, tcpdump keeps track of ``recent'' requests, and matches them to the replies using the transaction ID. If a reply does not closely follow the corresponding request, it might not be parsable.

AFS Requests and Replies

Transarc AFS (Andrew File System) requests and replies are printed as:

src.sport > dst.dport: rx packet-type
src.sport > dst.dport: rx packet-type service call call-name args
src.sport > dst.dport: rx packet-type service reply call-name args


elvis.7001 > pike.afsfs:
        rx data fs call rename old fid 536876964/1/1 ".newsrc.new"
        new fid 536876964/1/1 ".newsrc"
pike.afsfs > elvis.7001: rx data fs reply rename

In general, all AFS RPCs are decoded at least by RPC call name. Most AFS RPCs have at least some of the arguments decoded (generally only the `interesting' arguments, for some definition of interesting).

The format is intended to be self-describing, but it will probably not be useful to people who are not familiar with the workings of AFS and RX.

If the -v (verbose) flag is given twice, additional information is printed, such as the the RX call ID, call number, sequence number, serial number, and the RX packet flags.

If the -v flag is given again, the security index and service id are printed.

Error codes are printed for abort packets, with the exception of Ubik beacon packets (because abort packets are used to signify a yes vote for the Ubik protocol).

Note that AFS requests are very large and many of the arguments won't be printed unless snaplen is increased. Try using `-s 256' to watch AFS traffic.

AFS reply packets do not explicitly identify the RPC operation. Instead, tcpdump keeps track of ``recent'' requests, and matches them to the replies using the call number and service ID. If a reply does not closely follow the corresponding request, it might not be parsable.

KIP Appletalk (DDP in UDP)

Appletalk DDP packets encapsulated in UDP datagrams are de-encapsulated and dumped as DDP packets (i.e., all the UDP header information is discarded). The file /etc/atalk.names is used to translate appletalk net and node numbers to names. Lines in this file have the form

number  name

1.254           ether
16.1            icsd-net
1.254.110       ace

Appletalk addresses are printed in the form

net.host.port

144.1.209.2 > icsd-net.112.220
office.2 > icsd-net.112.220
jssmag.149.235 > icsd-net.2

NBP (name binding protocol) and ATP (Appletalk transaction protocol) packets have their contents interpreted. Other protocols just dump the protocol name (or number if no name is registered for the protocol) and packet size.

NBP packets are formatted like the following examples:

icsd-net.112.220 > jssmag.2: nbp-lkup 190: "=:LaserWriter@*"
jssmag.209.2 > icsd-net.112.220: nbp-reply 190: "RM1140:LaserWriter@*" 250
techpit.2 > icsd-net.112.220: nbp-reply 190: "techpit:LaserWriter@*" 186

ATP packet formatting is demonstrated by the following example:

jssmag.209.165 > helios.132: atp-req  12266<0-7> 0xae030001
helios.132 > jssmag.209.165: atp-resp 12266:0 (512) 0xae040000
helios.132 > jssmag.209.165: atp-resp 12266:1 (512) 0xae040000
helios.132 > jssmag.209.165: atp-resp 12266:2 (512) 0xae040000
helios.132 > jssmag.209.165: atp-resp 12266:3 (512) 0xae040000
helios.132 > jssmag.209.165: atp-resp 12266:4 (512) 0xae040000
helios.132 > jssmag.209.165: atp-resp 12266:5 (512) 0xae040000
helios.132 > jssmag.209.165: atp-resp 12266:6 (512) 0xae040000
helios.132 > jssmag.209.165: atp-resp*12266:7 (512) 0xae040000
jssmag.209.165 > helios.132: atp-req  12266<3,5> 0xae030001
helios.132 > jssmag.209.165: atp-resp 12266:3 (512) 0xae040000
helios.132 > jssmag.209.165: atp-resp 12266:5 (512) 0xae040000
jssmag.209.165 > helios.132: atp-rel  12266<0-7> 0xae030001
jssmag.209.133 > helios.132: atp-req* 12267<0-7> 0xae030002

Helios responds with 8 512-byte packets. The `:digit' following the transaction id gives the packet sequence number in the transaction and the number in parens is the amount of data in the packet, excluding the atp header. The `*' on packet 7 indicates that the EOM bit was set.

Jssmag.209 then requests that packets 3 & 5 be retransmitted. Helios resends them then jssmag.209 releases the transaction. Finally, jssmag.209 initiates the next request. The `*' on the request indicates that XO (`exactly once') was not set.

IP Fragmentation

Fragmented Internet datagrams are printed as

(frag id:size@offset+)
(frag id:size@offset)

Id is the fragment id. Size is the fragment size (in bytes) excluding the IP header. Offset is this fragment's offset (in bytes) in the original datagram.

The fragment information is output for each fragment. The first fragment contains the higher level protocol header and the frag info is printed after the protocol info. Fragments after the first contain no higher level protocol header and the frag info is printed after the source and destination addresses. For example, here is part of an ftp from arizona.edu to lbl-rtsg.arpa over a CSNET connection that doesn't appear to handle 576 byte datagrams:

arizona.ftp-data > rtsg.1170: . 1024:1332(308) ack 1 win 4096 (frag 595a:328@0+)
arizona > rtsg: (frag 595a:204@328)
rtsg.1170 > arizona.ftp-data: . ack 1536 win 2560

A packet with the IP don't fragment flag is marked with a trailing (DF).

Timestamps

By default, all output lines are preceded by a timestamp. The timestamp is the current clock time in the form

hh:mm:ss.frac

SEE ALSO

AUTHORS

Van Jacobson, Craig Leres and Steven McCanne, all of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA.

It is currently being maintained by tcpdump.org.

http://www.tcpdump.org/

IPv6/IPsec support is added by WIDE/KAME project. This program uses Eric Young's SSLeay library, under specific configuration.  

BUGS

[email protected]

Please send source code contributions, etc. to:

[email protected]

NIT doesn't let you watch your own outbound traffic, BPF will. We recommend that you use the latter.

Some attempt should be made to reassemble IP fragments or, at least to compute the right length for the higher level protocol.

Name server inverse queries are not dumped correctly: The (empty) question section is printed rather than real query in the answer section. Some believe that inverse queries are themselves a bug and prefer to fix the program generating them rather than tcpdump.

Apple Ethertalk DDP packets could be dumped as easily as KIP DDP packets but aren't. Even if we were inclined to do anything to promote the use of Ethertalk (we aren't), LBL doesn't allow Ethertalk on any of its networks so we'd would have no way of testing this code.

A packet trace that crosses a daylight savings time change will give skewed time stamps (the time change is ignored).

Filters expressions that manipulate FDDI headers assume that all FDDI packets are encapsulated Ethernet packets. This is true for IP, ARP, and DECNET Phase IV, but is not true for protocols such as ISO CLNS. Therefore, the filter may inadvertently accept certain packets that do not properly match the filter expression.

ip6 proto should chase header chain, but at this moment it does not. tcp or udp should chase header chain too.

Arithmetic expression against transport layer headers, like tcp[0], does not work against IPv6 packets. It only looks at IPv4 packets.

Index

NAME

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

OPTIONS

EXAMPLES

OUTPUT FORMAT

SEE ALSO

AUTHORS

BUGS